Environmental Conventions are important part of environment and its syllabus. Previous Year Question (PYQ) papers are invaluable resources for aspirants preparing for competitive exams like the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examinations. In this article we present important PYQ on Environmental Conventions.
PYQ on Environmental Conventions
Q- “Climate Action Tracker” which monitors the emission reduction pledges of different countries is a : (2022)
(a) Database created by coalition of research organisations
(b) Wing of “International Panel of Climate Change”
(c) Committee under “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”
(d) Agency promoted and financed by United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The Climate Action Tracker is a non-affiliated scientific evaluation system that monitors government efforts in addressing climate change, assessing them against the targets set in the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep global warming well below 2°C and strive for a limit of 1.5°C. Established in 2009, it is a joint initiative between Climate Analytics and New Climate Institute, offering impartial analyses to policymakers.
Q- Consider the following statements: (2022)
- The Climate Group is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.
- The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”.
- EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.
- Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
- The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1,2, 4 and 5
(b) 1,3 and 4 only
(c) 2,3 and 5 only
(d) 1,2, 3, 4 and 5
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Correct. The Climate Group, an international nonprofit established in 2003, operates offices in London, New York, New Delhi, Amsterdam, and Beijing. It has expanded its network to include over 500 multinational businesses spanning 175 markets globally.
Statement 2: Incorrect. EP100, a global initiative, is spearheaded by The Climate Group and the Alliance to Save Energy, not the International Energy Agency.
Statement 3: Correct. The Climate Group’s EP100 initiative is a global effort uniting energy-smart companies committed to enhancing their energy productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These leading companies integrate ambitious energy targets into their business strategies, driving innovation in energy efficiency and bolstering competitiveness while fulfilling emission reduction objectives.
Statement 4: Correct. EP100’s influence extends globally, with member companies operating in over 130 markets worldwide. India’s Mahindra Group is among the frontrunners in efforts to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by transitioning increasingly to renewable energy sources.
Statement 5: Incorrect. The Climate Group serves as the Secretariat to the Under2 Coalition, not the International Energy Agency. It collaborates with governments to accelerate climate action through various avenues, including pathways, policy action, transparency, and diplomacy.
Q- In the Guidelines, statements: context of WHO consider the Air Quality following (2022)
- The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 ug/m³ and annual mean of PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 µg/m³.
- In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during the periods of inclement weather.
- PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream.
- Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 3 and 4
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 2 only
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Correct. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently issued the Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs), which provide recommendations for acceptable air quality levels for six key pollutants: particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM 10, ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO).
Statement 2: Incorrect. Ground-level ozone forms through the photochemical reaction of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle and industrial emissions and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by vehicles, solvents, and industry. Contrary to the statement, high levels of ozone pollution often occur during sunny weather due to increased sunlight facilitating ozone formation, rather than during inclement weather.
Statement 3: Incorrect. Particulate matter (PM) is a widespread indicator of air pollution, affecting more individuals than any other pollutant. It comprises various components, including sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust, and water, forming a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air. While particles ≤ 10 microns (PM10) can penetrate deep into the lungs, those ≤ 2.5 microns (PM2.5) are even more hazardous, as they can pass through the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream. Chronic exposure to PM increases the risk of developing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as lung cancer.
Statement 4: Correct. Elevated levels of ozone in the atmosphere can significantly impact human health by causing respiratory issues, triggering asthma attacks, reducing lung function, and leading to lung diseases. Ozone’s irritant properties make it particularly problematic for individuals with asthma, exacerbating symptoms and worsening lung function.
Q- Consider the following statements: (2022)
- The India Sanitation Coalition is a platform to promote sustainable sanitation and is funded by the Government of India and the World Health Organisation.
- The National Institute of Urban Affairs is an apex body of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in Government of India and provides innovative solutions to address the challenges of Urban India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Incorrect. The India Sanitation Coalition (ISC), inaugurated in June 2015 at the Federation of Indian Chamber Commerce and Industry (FICCI), plays a pivotal role in fostering safe and sustainable sanitation practices. It achieves this by bringing together various organizations on a shared platform and undertaking a range of proactive measures. These initiatives encompass facilitating the mobilization of financing for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) projects, particularly focusing on private sector involvement, establishing collaborations with allied entities to drive discussions on sustainable sanitation, organizing and disseminating best practices in sanitation advocacy, and contributing insights to sanitation policy discussions through participation in relevant forums. It is worth noting that the ISC is not funded by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Statement 2: Correct. The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) was designated as the apex body to provide guidance and support to the Government of India in its urban development endeavors. Since its establishment, NIUA has maintained a close partnership with the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. The institute is committed to offering innovative solutions to address the challenges posed by India’s rapid urbanization, thereby fostering the creation of more inclusive and sustainable cities for the future.
Q- Which one of the following statements best describes the ‘Polar Code’? (2022)
(a) It is the international code of safety for ships operating in polar waters.
(b) It is the agreement of the countries around the North Pole regarding the demarcation of their territories in the polar region.
(c) It is a set of norms to be followed by the countries whose scientists undertake research studies in the North Pole and South Pole.
(d) It is a trade and security agreement of the member countries of the Arctic Council.
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (the Polar Code) is a recently adopted set of regulations by the IMO. Recognizing the unique challenges posed by polar environments, the code establishes mandatory guidelines for ships navigating in these regions. It is enforced under both the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Covering various aspects such as design, construction, equipment, operations, training, search and rescue, and environmental protection, the Polar Code addresses the specific needs of vessels operating in the harsh conditions of polar waters. Implemented on January 1, 2017, it aims to ensure safety and environmental sustainability in polar regions.
Q-Statement 1:
The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the Arbor Day Foundation have recently recognized Hyderabad as 2020 Tree City of the World
Statement 2:
Hyderabad was selected for recognition for a year following its commitment to grow and maintain the Urban forests.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (2021)
(a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1
(b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct but Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1.
(c) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is not correct.
(d) Statement 1 is not correct but Statement 2 is correct.
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Incorrect. Hyderabad has been designated as a 2020 Tree City of the World by the Arbor Day Foundation and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), not the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF).
Statement 2: Correct. This recognition was bestowed upon Hyderabad for its dedication to the establishment and preservation of urban forests. Hyderabad was acknowledged in the second year of the program by the Arbor Day Foundation, alongside 51 other cities worldwide (out of 120 cities from 63 countries evaluated), making it the sole city in India to receive this distinction thus far.
Q- In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)
1. The ‘Climate-Smart village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by climate change, Agriculture and food security (CCAFS), an international research programme.
2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’S research centers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: The Climate-Smart Village project in India is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), which initiated its Climate-Smart Village program in 2012 across Africa and South Asia.
Statement 2: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCFAS) is conducted under the CGIAR, a global partnership headquartered in Montpellier, France, focused on research addressing food security issues.
Statement 3: The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a CGIAR Research Center, operating as a non-profit, non-political international research organization. ICRISAT conducts agricultural research for development across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, collaborating with partners worldwide.
Q- With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct? (2021)
1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
3. It is a legally binding international declaration
4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
5. India was one of the signatories at its inception
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1, 2 and 4
(b) 1, 3 and 5
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 5
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Correct. The New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) was officially endorsed during the United Nations Climate Summit in September 2014.
Statement 2: Correct. The NYDF outlines ten goals, including the objective of halting natural forest loss by the year 2030. It also aims to restore 350 million hectares of degraded landscapes and forestlands, enhance governance, increase financial support for forests, and reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, aligning with a global climate agreement post-2020.
Statement 3: Incorrect. The New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) is a voluntary and non-binding international agreement aimed at combatting global deforestation.
Statement 4: Correct. Currently, the NYDF has garnered support from over 200 endorsers, including national and subnational governments, companies, indigenous groups, financial institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These endorsers have pledged to contribute towards achieving the NYDF goals and implementing its action agenda.
Statement 5: Incorrect. As of now, India has not signed the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF).
Q- The “Common Carbon Metric” supported by UNEP, has been developed for (2021)
(a) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world
(b) Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading
(c) Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries
(d) Assessing the overall carbon foot-print caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit time
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The carbon footprint of an entity refers to the overall quantity of greenhouse gases produced by that entity. The Common Carbon Metric is a methodology established by the United Nations Environment Program’s Sustainable Buildings & Climate Initiative (UNEP-SBCI) to measure energy consumption and report greenhouse gas emissions resulting from building operations.
The primary objective of the Common Carbon Metric is to facilitate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by accurately assessing improvements in energy efficiency within building operations.
Q- “R2 Code of Practices” constitute a tool available for promoting the adoption of (2021)
(a) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry
(b) Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention
(c) Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands
(d) ‘’Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The R2 Standard was initially created to address concerns regarding the improper recycling and misuse of electronic waste. The Sustainable Electronics Recycling International (SERI) institute describes the R2 Standard as the leading global standard for promoting environmental sustainability, worker health, and safety within the electronics refurbishing and recycling sector. One of the main objectives of this standard is to minimize unnecessary recycling, leading to the emergence of a reuse-oriented business model. “Reuse” entails utilizing products that have been previously used but still retain functional utility.
Q- The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at (2018)
(a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg
(b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro
(c) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris
(d) The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro, is the correct answer. Rio+20, also known as the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, took place in Brazil in 2012. Following Rio+20, the Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) was established in 2013 to aid countries interested in transitioning to greener and more inclusive economic models. PAGE serves as a platform for coordinating UN efforts in promoting the green economy and assisting nations in attaining and monitoring the emerging Sustainable Development Goals. Initially, four UN agencies – ILO, UN Environment, UNIDO, and UNITAR – collaborated to provide comprehensive and tailored support to countries.
Q- “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (2018)
(a) The Intergovernmental Panel on climate change
(b) The UNEP Secretariat
(c) The UNFCCC Secretariat
(d) The World Meteorological Organization
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
In 2015, the Climate Neutral Now initiative was introduced by the UNFCCC secretariat to encourage individuals, businesses, and governments to assess their carbon footprint and strive to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. As an extension of the Momentum for Change initiative, the secretariat introduced a new component in 2016 focused specifically on Climate Neutral Now, aimed at highlighting effective climate action globally. Achieving climate neutrality involves a three-part approach, involving the measurement of emissions, efforts to reduce emissions, and the offsetting of unavoidable emissions through UN-certified emission reductions.
Q- Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC): (2017)
- TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
TRAFFIC, a prominent non-governmental organization, focuses on global efforts to address the trade of wild animals and plants, aiming to balance biodiversity conservation with sustainable development. This renders statement 2 correct, while statement 1 is inaccurate.
Established in 1976 and headquartered in Cambridge, UK, TRAFFIC operates as a collaborative venture between the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Its primary objective is to ensure that the trade of wild flora and fauna does not pose a threat to environmental conservation. On the other hand, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), founded on June 5, 1972, and headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, emerged from the Stockholm conference on the environment. UNEP’s mission involves fostering global environmental stewardship by advocating for conservation initiatives among nations and facilitating partnerships to protect the environment.
UNEP focuses on six key areas for nature conservation, encompassing climate change, ecosystem management, disaster management, environmental governance, sustainable production and consumption, and hazardous substances.
Q- With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)
- It is an initiative of the European Union
- It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development budgets
- It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) was initiated by the European Union (EU) in 2007 with the aim of enhancing dialogue and collaboration with developing nations, particularly focusing on least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing States (SIDS). This aligns with statement 1 being accurate.
Furthermore, the GCCA extends technical and financial assistance to partner countries to facilitate the integration of climate change considerations into their development strategies and financial plans. Additionally, it supports the implementation of projects aimed at addressing climate change impacts on the ground, with a focus on fostering climate-resilient and low-emission development pathways.
This corresponds to statement 2 being correct. However, there is no reference to the World Resources Institute (WRI) or the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) among the official partners listed on the GCCA’s website, although other institutions such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are mentioned. Therefore, statement 3 is inaccurate.
Q- With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)
- UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all
- Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only
- UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Select the correct answer from the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 only
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
UN-Habitat has been authorized by the United Nations General Assembly to spearhead efforts in advancing socially and environmentally sustainable human settlements and ensuring adequate housing for everyone, thereby confirming statement 1 as accurate.
However, UN-Habitat collaborates not only with governments, intergovernmental bodies, and UN agencies but also engages with civil society organizations, foundations, academic institutions, and the private sector to achieve lasting outcomes in addressing urbanization challenges. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
UN-Habitat was established in 1978, aligning with statement 3 being correct. Additionally, UN-Habitat plays a crucial role in contributing to the broader objective of the United Nations system to alleviate poverty and enhance access to clean drinking water and fundamental sanitation services.
Q- Consider the following statements: (2017)
- Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries
- The CCAC focusses on methane, black carbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Which of the given statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
The Climatic and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) was established in 2012 by the governments of Bangladesh, Mexico, Sweden, Ghana, Canada, and the United States, in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its primary goal is to address the urgent challenge posed by short-lived climate pollutants collectively. Therefore, statement 1 is incorrect.
Short-lived climate pollutants such as methane, tropospheric ozone, black carbon, and hydrofluorocarbons are significant contributors to the man-made global greenhouse effect, following carbon dioxide. As a result, statement 2 is accurate. These pollutants currently contribute to up to 45% of global warming and are projected to cause half of the warming resulting from human activity if emissions are not reduced.
Q- With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)
- It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum
- It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity
- It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
The initiative known as the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) highlights the worldwide economic advantages associated with biodiversity, affirming the accuracy of statement 2. Launched in response to a proposal by the G8+5 Environment Ministers in Potsdam, Germany in 2007, the TEEB study was spearheaded by Germany and the European Commission, not by entities such as UNEP, IMF, or the World Economic Forum. Its primary objective is to conduct a comprehensive global examination of the economic implications of biodiversity loss. Employing a systematic approach to valuation, TEEB endeavors to assist policymakers in recognizing the diverse benefits provided by ecosystems and biodiversity, quantifying their value in economic terms, and proposing strategies for incorporating these values into decision-making processes, confirming the accuracy of statement 3.
Q- Which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)
Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to
- protection of biodiversity
- resilience of forest ecosystems
- poverty reduction
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
REDD+, which stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, along with the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries, was initially discussed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2005. The primary aim was to address climate change by decreasing net emissions of greenhouse gases through improved forest management practices in developing nations. The majority of crucial decisions regarding REDD+ were finalized by 2013, with the final elements of the rulebook concluded in 2015. The initiative operates on the premise that without REDD+, forests in developing countries would face increased deforestation, exacerbating climate change. Effective implementation of REDD+ strategies can address issues such as forest degradation, biodiversity loss, improvement of social standards to reduce poverty, and enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystems.
Q- With reference to ‘Agenda 21’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements : (2016)
- It is a global action plan for sustainable development
- It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
Agenda 21 represents a holistic strategy for addressing environmental challenges at the global, national, and local levels, involving collaboration among United Nations agencies, governments, and various stakeholders. Originating from the Earth Summit, also known as the UN Conference on Environment and Development, convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, it is important to note that Agenda 21 is not a legally binding document but rather a voluntary framework for promoting sustainable development initiatives.
Q- Consider the following statements: (2016)
- The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’
- The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
The inaugural publication from the Club of Rome was the renowned “The Limits to Growth,” released in 1972 by a team of researchers from MIT led by Dennis and Donella Meadows. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, aim to eradicate poverty, diminish inequality, and foster more peaceful and prosperous societies by 2030. Thus, statement 2 accurately reflects this objective.
The SDGs were conceived to formulate a set of universal objectives addressing the pressing environmental, political, and economic dilemmas confronting our planet. Contrary to statement 1, the Sustainable Development Goals were not established at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.
Q- ‘BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes’ is managed by the (2015)
(a) Asian Development Bank
(b) International Monetary Fund
(c) United Nations Environment Programme
(d) World Bank
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
The BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL) is a collaborative fund backed by contributing governments and overseen by the World Bank. Its primary aim is to encourage the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions originating from activities such as deforestation, forest degradation, and unsustainable agriculture in developing nations, alongside promoting improved land-use strategies, policies, and practices.
Q- With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)
- It is global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples
- It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management
- It assists the countries in their ‘REDD+ (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)’ efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) is a collaborative initiative involving governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous communities. Its primary focus is on mitigating emissions stemming from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as promoting the conservation and sustainable management of forest resources in developing nations.
Established in June 2008, the FCPF aims to complement REDD+ efforts by fostering awareness, readiness, and future systems related to forest carbon initiatives. Its objectives include providing financial and technical support to countries for their REDD+ endeavors, implementing a performance-based payment system to ensure fair benefit distribution, enhancing the livelihoods of local communities, conserving biodiversity, and sharing knowledge gained through the development and implementation of readiness preparation proposals.
Q- With reference to an organization known as ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)
- It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations
- The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization
- It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’
- Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
BirdLife International is a coalition of conservation organizations worldwide, dedicated to safeguarding birds, their habitats, and global biodiversity while promoting sustainable utilization of natural resources. Thus, statement 1 is accurate. The notion of biodiversity hotspots was formulated by Norman Myers in 1988, thus rendering statement 2 incorrect. BirdLife International’s Important Bird Areas (IBA) Programme aims to recognize, monitor, and preserve a global network of IBAs crucial for bird and biodiversity conservation, thereby confirming statement 3 as correct.
Nearly 11,000 sites across approximately 200 countries and territories have been identified as Important Bird Areas as of 2009, illustrating the concerted efforts of the BirdLife Partnership to document and safeguard these critical locations.
Q- With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)
- IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments
- IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments
- CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
IUCN, originally established as the International Union for the Protection of Nature in Fontainebleau, France, in October 1948, is indeed a network of environmental organizations. Therefore, Statement 1 is incorrect.
While CITES imposes legal obligations on its member states, it does not replace national laws; instead, it offers a structure that each Party must adhere to. Each member state is required to enact its own domestic laws to enforce CITES at the national level in alignment with its objectives. Therefore, Statement 3 is accurate.
Q- What is Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in the news? (2015)
(a) It is the United nations Conference on Sustainable Development
(b) It is a Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization
(c)It is a Conference of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
(d) It is a Conference of the Member Countries of the Convention on Biological Diversity
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The Earth Summit, also known as the Rio Summit, convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. Rio +20, held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, marked the 20th anniversary of the 1992 summit, hence the name Rio +20.
Q- Which of the following statements regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct? (2015)
- It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change
- It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) operates under the framework of the UNFCCC and serves as a mechanism to transfer funds from developed to developing nations, aiding them in adaptation and mitigation efforts against climate change. This aligns with statement 1.
The GCF functions as an operating entity of the financial mechanism outlined in Article 11 of the UNFCCC, accountable to and guided by the Conference of the Parties (COP). Contrary to statement 2, the GCF is governed by a Board responsible for funding decisions and is headquartered in the Songdo district of Incheon, South Korea.
Q- With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2014)
(a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’
(b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was founded in anticipation of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to address environmental challenges. It functions as an investment fund dedicated to generating sustainable financial returns through clean energy investments targeted at mitigating climate change. Therefore, Option 1 is accurate.
Contrary to Option 2, the GEF does not engage directly in scientific research concerning environmental matters. Additionally, it operates as an independent entity rather than being a program under the World Bank, making Option 3 incorrect.
Q- Consider the following international agreements : (2014)
- The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
- The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
- The world Heritage Convention
Which of the above has/have a bearing on biodiversity?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, also known as the Seed Treaty, was adopted in November 2001 during the 31st session of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Conference. India is among the signatories of this treaty. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, established in 1994, is the only legally binding international agreement that focuses on linking environment and development for sustainable land management. It became effective in 1996 after securing 50 ratifications, aiming to implement sustainable development goals through partnerships among its 197 Parties. The World Heritage Convention, founded in 1972 under UNESCO, primarily aims to identify and safeguard the world’s natural and cultural heritage sites recognized for their exceptional universal value.
Q- Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’ (2014)
- It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO
- It is a movement in which the participants switch off the lights for one hour on a certain day every year
- It is a movement to raise awareness about climate change and the need to save the planet
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Earth Hour is an initiative organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Contrary to option 1, it began as a lights-out event in Sydney, Australia, in 2007 and has since been observed annually on the last Saturday of March. The aim is to symbolically advocate for environmental conservation by reducing non-essential lighting and saving energy. As per option 3, participants are encouraged to switch off lights from 8:30 pm to 9:30 pm local time during Earth Hour.
Q- With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2013)
(a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention Change’ on Climate
(b) It undertakes research on scientific environmental issues at global level
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was founded in anticipation of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit with the objective of addressing environmental challenges. It is an investment fund primarily dedicated to achieving sustainable returns through investments in clean energy initiatives to combat climate change, making Option 1 accurate. GEF does not engage directly in scientific research on environmental matters, so Option 2 is incorrect. Additionally, it operates as an independent entity rather than being a program under the World Bank, thus Option 3 is also inaccurate.
Also read about UPSC PYQ on Biodiversity and Ecology.