Agriculture in India and around World is important part of Geography and its syllabus. Previous Year Question (PYQ) papers are invaluable resources for aspirants preparing for competitive exams like the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examinations. In this article we present important PYQ on Agriculture.
PYQ on Agriculture
Q- Consider the following States: (2022)
- Andhra Pradesh
- Kerala
- Himachal Pradesh
- Tripura
How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States?
(a) Only one State
(b) Only two States
(C) Only three States
(d) All four States
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
According to the Tea Board, which operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the states of Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Kerala, and Karnataka are commonly recognized as tea-producing states. Therefore, option C is correct.
Q- With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements: (2022)
- The Tea Board is a statutory body.
- It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
- The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.
- The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and Moscow.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Statement 1 is correct as the Tea Board is indeed established as a statutory body under Section 4 of the Tea Act, 1953, and came into existence on April 1, 1954.
Statement 2 is incorrect since the present Tea Board operates as a statutory body under the Central Government’s Ministry of Commerce.
Statement 3 is inaccurate. While the head office of the Tea Board is located in Kolkata, it also maintains two overseas offices in Dubai and Moscow. The board’s responsibilities encompass providing financial and technical support for tea cultivation, manufacturing, and marketing, promoting tea exports, and supporting research and development initiatives aimed at enhancing tea production and quality improvement.
Q- “System of Rice Intensification” of cultivation, in which alternate wetting and drying of rice fields is practiced, results in: (2022)
- Reduced seed requirement
- Reduced methane production
- Reduced electricity consumption
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an environmentally friendly and innovative approach to rice cultivation. It involves planting young seedlings individually in a square pattern with ample organic manure, spacing them out more widely than traditional methods. The irrigation is intermittent, maintaining soil moisture without flooding it, and frequent soil aeration is ensured by using a weeder. This method offers several benefits:
- Yields can increase by 30-50% or more.
- Seed usage is minimized, requiring 90% less seed.
- Water consumption is reduced by 30-50%, achieved through techniques like Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), ultimately conserving electricity.
- There’s a significant decrease in the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, ranging from 30-100% less usage.
- Methane emissions, a significant environmental concern in rice production, are also reduced.
Q- The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. (2021)
Which of the following are such conditions?
1. Burrowing animals and termites.
2. Fire
3. Grazing herbivores
4. Seasonal rainfall
5. Soil properties
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and2
(b) 4 and 5
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 5
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
The savanna biome, a subtype of grassland biome, is characterized by vast expanses of open grassland with sparse tree cover. There are two main types of savannas: tropical and semi-tropical, found across continents except Antarctica. The largest savannas are concentrated in Africa near the equator, with iconic examples like Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, renowned for its diverse wildlife.
Climate in savannas varies seasonally. During the wet season, temperatures are warm and rainfall can reach up to 50 inches. Conversely, the dry season brings scorching temperatures and minimal rainfall, often as low as four inches per month. These conditions create ideal environments for grass and brush fires, which are common hazards.
The natural vegetation of savannas is characterized by scattered trees amidst grasslands. Adapted to the arid conditions, plants in savannas have evolved mechanisms to cope with limited water and high temperatures. Grasses grow rapidly in the wet season but turn brown in the dry season to conserve water, while certain trees store water in their roots and shed leaves during dry periods. Frequent fires contribute to the prevalence of short grasses and fire-resistant plant species like wild grasses, shrubs, baobab, and acacia trees.
Q- Consider the following statements: (2021)
1. Moringa (drumstick tree) is a leguminous evergreen tree.
2. Tamarind tree is endemic to south Asia.
3. In India, most of the tamarind is collected as minor forest produce.
4. India exports tamarind and seeds of moringa.
5. Seeds of moringa and tamarind can be used in the production of biofuels.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5
(b) 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1,2, 3 and 5
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Moringa, a fast-growing deciduous plant native to the Indian subcontinent, is a non-leguminous tree with green leafy foliage.
Statement 2: Tamarind, indigenous to tropical Africa rather than South Asia, is a leguminous tree known for its edible fruit.
Statement 3: It is accurate that tamarind is primarily collected as minor forest produce in India.
Statement 4: India exports seeds of tamarind and moringa to various countries including the US, Germany, China, Canada, South Korea, and several European nations.
Statement 5: Both moringa and tamarind seeds have applications in biofuel production, with Moringa oil being recognized as a more sustainable biodiesel feedstock compared to jatropha oil.
Q- How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming? (2021)
1. Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant.
2. Conventional chemical farming can cause increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming.
3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in such regions.
4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 4 only
(d) 2 and 3
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Permaculture is an integrated design system inspired by natural patterns, emphasizing practices like multi-cropping and agroforestry.
Statement 2: Chemical farming, reliant on synthetic inputs like fertilizers, can degrade soil fertility over time, potentially leading to issues such as soil salinization. Permaculture, which relies on organic fertilizers, avoids such problems.
Statement 3: Chemical farming, characterized by heavy reliance on inputs like fertilizers and irrigation, can lead to soil degradation over time, making it unsuitable for semi-arid regions. Therefore, conventional farming is not recommended for such areas.
Statement 4: Mulching plays a crucial role in Permaculture systems to enhance efficiency, while it is often overlooked in chemical farming practices.
Q- With reference to ‘palm oil’, consider the following statements: (2021)
(a) The palm oil tree is native to Southeast Asia.
(b) The palm oil is a raw material for some industries producing lipstick and perfumes.
(c) The palm oil can be used to produce biodiesel.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Palm oil is obtained from the oil palm tree, native to West Africa, not Southeast Asia. It thrives in tropical climates with ample water.
Statement 2: Palm oil finds widespread use in cosmetics, including lipstick, perfumes, and cleaning products. Its versatility and cost-effectiveness stem from its high fatty acid content, enabling its use as surfactants, emulsifiers, and emollients.
Statement 3: Palm oil can indeed be utilized for biodiesel production, suitable for compression ignition engines (diesel engines) without requiring modifications. This process involves transesterification, yielding methyl esters from palm oil.
Q- Among the following, which one is the least water-efficient crop? (2021)
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Sunflower
(c) Pearl millet
(d) Red gram
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
Sugarcane is considered the least water-efficient crop among the given options, requiring a significant amount of water for its growth. Its water requirement per season ranges from 1800 to 2200 mm, which is the highest compared to other crops.
Q- “Leaf litter decomposes faster than in any other biome and as a result, the soil surface is often almost bare. Apart from trees, the vegetation is largely composed of plant forms that reach up into the canopy vicariously, by climbing the trees or growing as epiphytes, rooted on the upper branches of trees.” This is the most likely description of (2021)
(a) Coniferous forest
(b) Dry deciduous forest
(c) Mangrove forest
(d) Tropical rain forest
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
In the tropical rainforest biome, the combination of a hot, moist atmosphere and abundant dead plant material creates optimal conditions for the proliferation of bacteria and other microorganisms. This fosters rapid decomposition of leaf litter and organic matter on the forest floor. The tropical rainforest is distinguished by its dense vegetation, organized into three distinct layers. The uppermost layer, known as the canopy, consists of towering trees that can reach heights of 75 meters or more. Additionally, thick woody vines are prevalent in the canopy, utilizing trees as support structures as they climb upwards in search of sunlight.
Q- What is the use of biochar in farming? (2020)
- ‘Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming.
- When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen fixing microorganisms.
- When biochar is a part of the growing- medium, it enables the growing medium to retain water for a longer time.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Biochar is a charcoal-like substance created by heating biomass in the absence of oxygen, a process known as pyrolysis, which prevents combustion. It is a stable, carbon-rich material that can be applied to soil. When used in vertical farming, biochar has been shown to significantly increase crop output.
Biochar has the potential to enhance the natural nitrogen-fixing abilities of legumes by supporting nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the soil. This not only improves nitrogen use efficiency and retention but also reduces nitrogen emissions. Additionally, due to its porous structure, biochar improves soil water retention, ensuring that plants have access to water for longer periods, thereby promoting plant growth.
Q- What is/are the advantages/advantages of zero tillage in agriculture? (2020)
- Sowing of wheat is possible without burning the residue of the previous crop.
- Without the need for nursery of rice saplings, direct planting of paddy seeds in the wet soil is possible.
- Carbon sequestration in the soil is possible.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Correct. Zero-till farming involves growing crops like wheat without disturbing the soil through tillage. The Happy Seeder technique is indeed used for sowing seeds without burning crop residue.
Statement 2: Correct. Direct Seeded Rice Zero-Tillage (DSR) is a method for establishing rice crops without the need for a nursery, and it can be implemented in zero-tillage conditions.
Statement 3: Correct. Adopting no-tillage practices has been recommended as a way to enhance carbon sequestration in soil. Even when crops are not burnt and land preparation involves mechanical agitation, carbon sequestration can still occur.
Q- With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following statements: (2020)
- Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crops.
- Green-gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production.
- In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
India holds a significant position in the global pulse market, being the largest producer, consumer, and importer. Approximately 25% of the world’s pulse production occurs in India, with the country also accounting for 27% of global consumption and 14% of imports. While pulses are cultivated in both the Kharif and Rabi seasons, Rabi pulses contribute over 60% of the total production. Gram (chickpea) is the most dominant pulse variety, representing around 40% of total production, followed by Tur/Arhar (pigeon pea) at 15 to 20%, and Urad/Black Matpe and Moong (mung bean) each at approximately 8-10%.
Black Gram, also known as Urad, is a type of pulse that can be cultivated in both the Kharif (summer) and Rabi (winter) seasons in India.
Q- “The crop is subtropical in nature. A hard frost is injurious to it. It requires at least 210 frost free days and 50 to 100 centimeters of rainfall for its growth. A light well-drained soil capable of retaining moisture is ideally suited for the cultivation of the crop.” Which one of the following is that crop? (2020)
(a) Cotton
(b) Jute
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Tea
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
Cotton is a fiber crop primarily cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. It thrives in climates with average temperatures ranging from 21 to 30 degrees Celsius, rainfall between 50 to 100 cm, and at least 210 frost-free days. The deep and medium black soils found in the Deccan region of India are well-suited for cotton cultivation. Cotton is categorized based on staple length into long, medium, and short staple varieties. Due to its economic significance and historical importance, cotton is often referred to as “White Gold.”
Q- With reference to the current trends in the cultivation of sugarcane in India, consider the following statements: (2020)
- A substantial saving in seed material is made when ‘bud chip settings’ are raised in a nursery and transplanted in the main field.
- When direct planting of setts is done, the germination percentage is better with single budded setts as compared to setts with many buds.
- If bad weather conditions prevail when setts are directly planted, single-budded setts have better survival as compared to large setts.
- Sugarcane can be cultivated using settings prepared from tissue culture.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Statement 1 is correct. Utilizing single-bud or bud-chip settlings for sugarcane transplantation can drastically reduce the need for seed cane by up to 80%, while also ensuring robust plant growth and successful field establishment. This method proves to be more cost-effective and less labor-intensive when compared to traditional sett planting techniques.
Statement 2 is Inaccurate. When directly planting setts, those with multiple buds exhibit higher germination rates than those with a single bud.
Statement 3 is Inaccurate. During adverse weather conditions at the time of direct planting, larger setts demonstrate better survival rates than single-budded ones.
Statement 4 is correct. Tissue culture or vegetative propagation methods can be employed to germinate and cultivate settlings, which can subsequently be transplanted into the field at a later stage.
Q- In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be of practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture? (2020)
- Crop diversification
- Legume intensification
- Tensiometer use
- Vertical farming
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Eco-friendly agriculture practices play a crucial role in preserving ecosystems and biodiversity, mitigating adverse climatic changes, reducing the reliance on pesticides, preventing water and air pollution, minimizing soil erosion, and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide.
Crop diversification involves integrating new crops or cropping systems into agricultural production on a specific farm. This practice enhances plant productivity, quality, health, and nutritional value, while also bolstering crop resilience against diseases, pests, and environmental stresses.
Legumes contribute to nitrogen fixation, aiding in enriching soil fertility.
Tensiometers are utilized to optimize the timing of field irrigations, thereby enhancing irrigation efficiency.
Vertical farming entails cultivating agricultural crops in vertical stacks indoors within a controlled environment. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, vertical farming consumes 75% less raw materials compared to traditional farming, resulting in lower carbon footprints and higher crop yields.
Q- What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture? (2020)
- Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible.
- Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible.
- Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible.
- Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Fertigation is a technique of applying fertilizer by incorporating it into irrigation water through a drip system. This method ensures even distribution of fertilizer solution during irrigation, and the drip system also prevents water spillage on the field, which helps regulate soil alkalinity. Consequently, fertigation aids in controlling weed growth and reducing soil alkalinity. Therefore, statement 1 is accurate.
Urea, potash, and other highly water-soluble fertilizers are suitable for fertigation. Urea, in particular, is well-suited for injection into micro-irrigation systems due to its high solubility and tendency to dissolve in a non-ionic form, minimizing reactions with other water substances.
Q- With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (2020)
- At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
- Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
- Sulphur, which is a raw material for Phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Incorrect. The Union Government provides subsidies to urea manufacturing units to offset production costs and ensure the availability of urea at consistent maximum retail prices nationwide, thereby facilitating its accessibility for agricultural purposes.
Statement 2: Correct. Urea (NH2CONH2) is synthesized from ammonia (NH3) and gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) under high pressure and temperature conditions.
Statement 3: Correct. Sulphur is obtained as a by-product during the processing of natural gas and refining of high-sulfur crude oils. It serves as a crucial raw material for the production of phosphoric acid fertilizer.
Q- With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements: (2019)
- Area under rice cultivation is the highest.
- Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.
- Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.
- Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
Statement 1: Correct. The area dedicated to rice cultivation in India was 44.13 million hectares in 2013-14, which slightly decreased to 43.39 million hectares in 2015-16, remaining the highest among all crops.
Statement 2: Incorrect. The annual area under Jowar cultivation typically ranges between 17 and 18 million hectares, whereas the oilseed area was 28 million hectares in 2013-14 and 26.1 million hectares in 2015-16. Therefore, the area under Jowar cultivation is greater than that of oilseeds.
Statement 3: Correct. The area under sugarcane cultivation did not exhibit a steady decrease, as evidenced by the variations: 4.99 million hectares in 2013-14, 5.066 million hectares in 2014-15, and 4.953 million hectares in 2015-16.
Statement 4: Incorrect. The area under cotton cultivation was 11.96 million hectares in 2013-14, 12.81 million hectares in 2014-15, and 11.87 million hectares in 2015-16. Therefore, the area under cotton cultivation is greater than that of sugarcane.
Q- Among the following, which one is the largest exporter of rice in the world in the last five years? (2019)
(a) China
(b) India
(c) Myanmar
(d) Vietnam
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
In recent years (2014-18), India’s proportion of global rice exports has remained steady at around 25-26%. Additionally, India attained the status of the world’s primary rice exporter in 2011-12, overtaking Thailand from its previous leading position.
Q- Consider the following States: (2019)
- Chhattisgarh
- Madhya Pradesh
- Maharashtra
- Odisha
With reference to the States mentioned above, in terms of percentage of forest cover to the total area of the State, which one of the following is the correct ascending order?
(a) 2-3-1-4
(b) 2-3-4-1
(c) 3-2-4-1
(d) 3-2-1-4
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
As per Forest Survey of India the percentage of forested area in ascending order is:
Chhattisgarh (41.09%), Odisha (32.98%), Madhya Pradesh (25.11%), Maharashtra (16.47%).
Q- Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss? (2018)
- Hard and waxy leaves
- Tiny leaves
- Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
All the provided options are accurate since the desert region’s climate is characterized by xerophytic conditions, indicating that the vegetation in this area is well-suited to thrive in environments with minimal water availability. This adaptation is evident in several features:
- Deep-rooted systems
- Tough and glossy foliage
- Dense bark coverings
- Presence of thorns in place of traditional leaves
- Reduced leaf size
Q- With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements : (2018)
- GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
- GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
- GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a)1 and 3 only
(b)2 only
(c)2 and 3 only
(d)1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
This hybrid seed production method involves the utilization of three specific genes, namely barnase, barstar, and bar, sourced from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. These genes play a crucial role in enabling cross-pollination and hybridization in mustard plants, which are primarily self-pollinating due to the presence of both male and female reproductive organs within individual flowers. The development of genetically modified (GM) mustard was spearheaded by researchers at Delhi University, with financial support provided in part by the Department of Biotechnology, a branch of the Science Ministry.
Q- With reference to the circumstances in Indian agriculture, the concept of “Conservation Agriculture” assumes significance. Which of the following fall under Conservation Agriculture? (2018)
- Avoiding the monoculture practices
- Adopting minimum tillage
- Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops
- Using crop residues to cover the soil surface
- Adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/crop rotations
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 3 and 4
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5
(c) 2, 4 and 5
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 5
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
As per the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Conservation Agriculture (CA) is described as an approach to agricultural crop production aimed at conserving resources while maintaining profitable and sustainable levels of production, all while safeguarding the environment. CA systems focus on utilizing soils for crop cultivation while minimizing soil disturbance and promoting the retention of crop residues on the soil surface to mitigate environmental harm. The three core principles of CA include reducing tillage and soil disturbance, maintaining continuous soil cover with crop residues and living mulches, and practicing crop rotation and intercropping.
Q- With reference to ‘Initiative for Nutritional Security through intensive Millets Promotion’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)
- This initiative aims to demonstrate the improved production and post-harvest technologies, and to demonstrate value addition techniques, in an integrated manner, with a cluster approach.
- Poor, small, marginal and tribal farmers have a larger stake in this scheme.
- An important objective of the scheme is to encourage farmers of commercial crops to shift to millet cultivation by offering them free kits of critical inputs of nutrients and micro-irrigation equipment.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
The Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion (INSIMP) was initiated by the central government in 2011-12 with the aim of promoting millets as “Nutri-cereals” and demonstrating improved production and post-harvest technologies to enhance millet production nationwide. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.
Technology demonstration kits containing essential nutrients, plant protection measures, and inputs such as micro-nutrients, fungicides, bio-fertilizers, DAP, urea, potash, and pesticides, excluding micro-irrigation equipment, are provided to farmers at a subsidized cost. Thus, statement 3 is incorrect.
These kits are distributed free of charge to farmers with a maximum landholding of 2 hectares. Additionally, districts with significant millet cultivation areas but lower productivity than the national average may be targeted for block demonstrations to promote production technologies.
Furthermore, production programs for small millets, commonly cultivated by resource-poor tribal farmers in remote areas with low productivity, are organized in all identified districts regardless of their productivity levels. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Q- Consider the following States: (2015)
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Himachal Pradesh
- Mizoram
In which of the above States do ‘Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests’ occur?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Tropical evergreen forests are characterized by trees that retain their green foliage throughout the year, without a specific period for shedding leaves, flowering, or fruiting. These forests are further categorized into tropical wet (moist) evergreen, semi-evergreen, and dry evergreen types.
In India, tropical wet evergreen forests are primarily located on the eastern and western slopes of the Western Ghats, spanning states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Maharashtra. They are also present in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, thriving in hot and humid climates. These forests experience high precipitation, typically exceeding 250 cm annually, along with a mean annual temperature below 25 degrees Celsius and humidity levels exceeding 80%.
Tropical evergreen forests exhibit a stratified structure, with various layers comprising shrubs, creepers, short-statured trees, and towering tree species reaching heights of 60 meters or more. These forests boast abundant biodiversity, with diverse flora and fauna species thriving in the lush environment. Additionally, they yield fine-grained and durable timber, contributing to their ecological and economic significance.
Q- In India, in which one of the following types of forests is teak a dominant tree species? (2015)
(a) Tropical moist deciduous forest
(b) Tropical rainforest
(c) Tropical thorn scrub forest
(d) Temperate forest with grasslands
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
Tropical moist deciduous forests are found in states such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Odisha, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. These forests, also known as Monsoon Forests, typically receive rainfall ranging from 100 to 200 centimeters. During the spring season, the trees in these forests shed their leaves. Teak is the predominant species in this type of forest, with other commercially significant species including Bamboos, Sal, Shisham, Sandalwood, Kusum, Arjun, Mahua, and Mulberry.
Q- “Each day is more or less the same, the morning is clear and bright with a sea breeze; as the Sun climbs high in the sky, heat mounts up, dark clouds form, then rain comes with thunder and lightning. But the rain is soon over.” (2015)
Which of the following regions is described in the above passage?
(a) Savannah
(b) Equatorial
(c) Monsoon
(d) Mediterranean
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
The equatorial climate is characterized by rainforests, which experience consistent high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. There is minimal temperature variation, and rainfall is abundant, occurring nearly every day. This climate type is predominantly found in regions such as the Amazon basin in South America, the Congo basin in Africa, the Guinea coast in Africa, parts of the Indo-Malaysian region, eastern Central America, certain Caribbean islands, western Colombia, and eastern Madagascar. It extends approximately 5 to 10 degrees on either side of the equator.
Q- What are the significances of a practical approach to sugarcane production known as ‘Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative? (2014)
- Seed cost is very low in this compared to the conventional method of cultivation.
- Drip irrigation can be practiced very effectively in this.
- There is no application of chemical/inorganic fertilizers at all in this.
- The scope for intercropping is more in this compared to the conventional method of cultivation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
The Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) focuses on transforming sugarcane cultivation by optimizing input usage and methods. This entails reducing seed and water usage, as well as maximizing the efficiency of fertilizers and land. The objective is to lower input costs, making Statement 1 accurate.
Its core principle is achieving higher yields with fewer resources, leading to cost reductions of up to 75%. SSI also enhances plant survival rates and increases the size and weight of the cane, while allowing for intercropping and potentially implementing drip irrigation techniques, confirming the accuracy of Statements 2 and 4.
However, it’s important to note that the success of SSI relies on the commitment and efforts of individual farmers, emphasizing its farmer-driven nature.
Q- Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the vegetative propagation of plants? (2014)
- Vegetative propagation produces clonal populations.
- Vegetative propagation helps in eliminating the virus.
- Vegetative propagation can be practised most of the year.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Vegetative propagation is a method of plant reproduction that does not involve the formation of seeds and occurs through parts like leaves, roots, and stems. It is commonly employed when plants either do not produce viable seeds or when the seeds have long dormancy periods.
Clonal propagation, on the other hand, is a process of asexual reproduction where genetically identical copies of plants are produced. This can happen through apomixis, which involves seed development without fertilization, as well as through vegetative reproduction, where new plants regenerate from vegetative parts.
The extensive use of vegetative propagation can lead to the spread of viruses through propagules such as cuttings, tubers, runners, and bulbs. Once a plant is infected with a virus, it typically remains infected throughout its lifetime. Vegetative propagation can be practiced throughout much of the year.
Q- If you travel through the Himalayas, you are likely to see which of the following plants naturally grow there? (2014)
- Oak
- Rhododendron
- Sandalwood
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option A
EXPLANATION
The Temperate forest is characterized by vegetation such as Oak and Rhododendron. These forests are primarily located in the middle altitudes of the Himalayas.
Sandalwood trees, on the other hand, are typically found in tropical deciduous forests or monsoon forests, which are present in the Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Northern Plains, and along the foothills of the Himalayas. However, the occurrence of Sandalwoods in these regions is minimal and mostly limited to the Northeastern states.
Q- Consider the following pairs : (2014)
| Region | Well-known for the production of |
| 1. Kinnaur | Areca nut |
| 2. Mewat | Mango |
| 3. Coromandel | Soya bean |
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Kinnaur is a district located in Himachal Pradesh, with a population of 84,121 according to the 2011 census. It is renowned for its apple production. However, the cultivation of Areca nuts is mainly concentrated in Karnataka, Kerala, and Assam, making pair 1 inaccurate. Mewat, situated in Haryana, primarily relies on agriculture and related activities for livelihood, rather than being known for mango production, rendering pair 2 incorrect. Coromandel, a coastal plain in eastern Tamil Nadu, is known for cultivating rice, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, and peanuts. Nevertheless, soybean production in India is predominantly led by Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, contributing 89% of the total production, thus making pair 3 inaccurate.
Q-Consider the following statements:
- Maize can be used for the production of starch.
- Oil extracted from maize can be a feedstock for biodiesel.
- Alcoholic beverages can be produced by using maize.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
Maize starch is manufactured through the wet milling process, where softened maize is ground and components like corn oil seeds, gluten, fibers, and pure starch are separated. This process yields corn starch, which finds various uses, including as a thickening agent in soups and in the production of bio-plastics and corn syrup, validating Option 1.
Corn biodiesel, derived from maize oil, is produced through transesterification, resulting in a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), confirming Option 2.
Ethanol, the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, is typically obtained through fermentation of grains like maize, supporting Option 3.
Q- Consider the following towns of India : (2014)
- Bhadrachalam
- Chanderi
- Kancheepuram
- Karnal
Which of the above are famous for the production of traditional sarees/fabric?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 3 and 4
Answer- Option B
EXPLANATION
Chanderi, situated in the Ashoknagar district of Madhya Pradesh, is renowned for its handicraft industry, with Chanderi sarees being particularly acclaimed globally.
Additionally, Chanderi is noted for its Ancient Jain Temples. Kancheepuram, located in Tamil Nadu, is famous for its silk sarees, making Option 2 accurate.
Kancheepuram is also distinguished by its numerous Hindu temples, with 108 holy temples dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, of which 15 are located in the city.
Q- Consider the following crops (2013)
- Cotton
- Groundnut
- Rice
- Wheat
Which of these are Kharif crops?
(a) 1 and 4
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2, 3 and 4
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Kharif Crops: Paddy, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Ragi, Arhar(Tur), Moong, Urad, Cotton, Groundnut, Sunflower Seed, Soybean Black, Sesamum, Nigerseed
Rabi crops: Wheat, Barley, Gram, Masur (Lentil), Rapeseed/Mustard, Safflower, Toria,
Other Crops: Copra, De-Husked Coconut, Jute, Sugarcane
Q- Which of the following is/are unique characteristics/characteristics of equatorial forests? (2013)
- Presence of tall, closely set trees with crowns forming a continuous canopy
- Coexistence of a large number of species
- Presence of numerous varieties of epiphytes
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d)1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option D
EXPLANATION
The key characteristics of rainforests include high biodiversity of both animals and plants, as mentioned in statement 2, and the presence of evergreen trees forming a dense canopy, as stated in statement 1.
Additionally, rainforests typically feature sparse undergrowth with occasional clearings and a minimal amount of litter on the ground, which supports statement 3.
These environments also host various epiphytes and may contain “strangler” creepers like Ficus spp., along with trees that have buttresses and spindly roots to adapt to flooded areas.
Q- With reference to the usefulness of the by-products of sugar industry, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2013)
1. Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the generation of energy.
2. Molasses can be used as one of the feedstocks production of chemical fertilizers for the synthetic
3. Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Bagasse refers to the residue left behind after the extraction of juice from sugarcane or sorghum. It is a dry, fibrous material with a pulpy texture. The term “bagasse” is derived from the French word ‘bagage’ and the Spanish word ‘bagazo’, both meaning refuse or trash.
Molasses, on the other hand, is a thick syrup obtained during the refining process of sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar. It contains significant amounts of vitamin B6, as well as minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese.
Q- Fruits stored in a cold chamber exhibit longer storage life because (2013)
(a) exposure to sunlight prevented is
(b) concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment is increased
(c) rate of respiration is decreased
(d) there is an increase in humidity
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Storing fruits and vegetables in cold storage can prolong their shelf life by slowing down the ripening process, ensuring that they remain fresh for an extended period. Cold storage slows down the rate of respiration in fruits, leading to longer storage durations. Respiration in fruits involves the release of ethylene, commonly referred to as the ‘fruit-ripening hormone,’ which aids in the ripening process. Each fruit produces ethylene at varying levels, but when stored in cold conditions, the production of ethylene decreases. As a result, the shelf life of fruits is extended due to reduced ethylene production in cold storage.
Q- Many transplanted seedlings do not grow because (2013)
(a) the new soil does not contain favourable minerals
(b) most of the root hairs grip the new soil too hard
(c) most of the root hairs are lost during transplantation
(d) leaves get damaged during transplantation
Answer- Option C
EXPLANATION
Transplantation involves relocating a plant from its original location to another place. During this process, root hairs are often lost due to the dry soil present at the time of transplantation, which absorbs moisture from the plant. Therefore, option 3 is accurate.