Stupa, vihara and chaitya are parts of the Buddhist and Jaina monastic complexes, but the largest number belongs to the Buddhist religion.

• One of the examples of the structure of a stupa in the third century B.C.E. is at Bairat in Rajasthan.
• Among the important stupa sites outside the Gangetic valley is Devnimori in Gujarat.
• The local sculptural tradition at Mathura became so strong that the tradition spread to other parts of northern India. The best example in this regard is the stupa sculptures found at Sanghol in Punjab.