Which of the following items is/are indigenous to India?

1. Stirrup (Rikab)

2. Stone anchors

3. Paper

4. Horseshoe

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

• It is now an established fact that iron-stirrup (Rikab) was unknown in India. There is no Sanskrit word for stirrup. Perhaps ‘big toe stirrup’ and ‘suspension hooks’ were used in India, but stirrup proper was the contribution of the Muslims. This stirrup was first used in China around 6th century A.D., and later it diffused into Persia and other Islamic countries during the next century.

• The entire frame of boats and ships in India were made of timber like everywhere in the world. The planks were first joined by the rabbeting or tongue-and-groove method. Then they were sewn with ropes made from coconut husk. Sometimes wooden nails were also used, but the use of iron nails and clamps to join the planks was a later development under the influence of European ship-building after 1498 A.D. Anchors were made of stones in India, later the Europeans introduced iron anchors.

• Paper was first manufactured in China around 1^st Century A.D. It was made from bamboo pulp. The Muslim Arabs learnt paper making from some Chinese who were taken prisoners in battles. Very soon, the Arabs developed this craft by making paper from rags and old linen. The Indian perhaps knew about paper in the 7^th Century A.D., but they never used it as a writing material.

• Horseshoes have not been reported from any archaeological site excavated in India. It is now an incontrovertible fact that horseshoes were foreign importations, brought by the Turks when they came to India. The Arabic Persian word for the shoe is Nal.