• Astronomy was another field that flourished during the Medieval. In astronomy, a number of commentaries dealing with the already established astronomical notions appeared. Mehendra Suri, a court astronomer of Emperor Firoz Shah, developed an astronomical instrument ‘Yantraja’.

• Paramesvara and Mahabhaskariya, both in Kerala, were famous families of astronomers and almanac-makers. Nilakantha Somasutvan produced commentary of Aryabhattiyaa. Kamalakar studied the Islamic astronomical ideas. He was an authority on Islamic knowledge.

• Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh-II of Jaipur was a patron of astronomy. He set up five astronomical observatories in Delhi, Ujjain, Banaras (Varansasi), Mathura and Jaipur.