Consider the following statements:

1. Makhtabs were the centres of higher learning during the medieval period.

2. The study of logic in Medieval India was introduced under the reign of Sikandar Lodhi.

3. Muizzi was a famous madarsah in Bidar.

4. Faizi was a court poet during Akbar’s reign.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• The institutions that provided school education were known as ‘Makhtabs’, while those of higher learning were called ‘Madrasas’. The ‘Makhtabs’ were generally run by public donations, while ‘Madrasas’ were maintained by the rulers and nobles.

• Traditional subjects dominated education from the time of Iltutmish (1211-36), till the reign of Sikander Lodi (1489-1517). The scenario started changing from the time of Sikander Lodi, when he invited the brothers Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Azizullah from Multan to Delhi. They introduced the study of philosophy and logic in the curriculum.

• The famous ‘Madrasas’ were the Muizzi, the Nasiri and the Firuzi madrasas in Delhi, Mohammed Gawani’s madrasa in Bidar and Abul Fazl’s madrasa in Fatehpur Sikri.

• Akbar patronised many scholars, such as Abul Fazal, Faizi, Raja Todar Mal, Birbal and Rahim. They were among the nine gems of his court who helped in spreading culture and education.