Consider the following statements with regard to the Indigo Revolt of 1859:

1. The Europeans forced local peasants to grow indigo, instead of more paying crops, like rice.

2. Peasants organized counter-force against the planters by going on rent-strike only.

3. Bengal intelligentsia supported the European settlers.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. In Bengal, the indigo planters, nearly all Europeans, exploited the local peasants by forcing them to grow indigo on their lands, instead of the more paying crops, like rice. The planters forced the peasants to take advance sums and enter into fraudulent contracts, which were then used against the peasants.

2. The planters intimidated the peasants through kidnappings, illegal confinements, flogging, attacks on women and children, seizure of cattle, burning and demolition of houses, and destruction of crops.

3. The anger of the peasants exploded in 1859 when, led by Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas of Nadia district, they decided not to grow indigo under duress and resisted the physical pressure of the planters and their lathiyals (retainers) backed by police and the courts. They also organised a counter force against the planters’ attacks. The planters also tried methods, like evictions and enhanced rents. The ryots replied by going on a rent-strike by refusing to pay the enhanced rents and by physically resisting the attempts to evict them. Gradually, they learned to use the legal machinery and initiated legal action supported by fund collection.

4. The Bengali intelligentsia played a significant role by supporting the peasants’ cause through newspaper campaigns, organisation of mass meetings, preparing memoranda on peasants’ grievances and supporting them in legal battles.

5. The Government appointed an Indigo Commission to inquire into the problems of indigo cultivation. Based on its recommendations, the Government issued a notification in November 1860 that the ryots could not be compelled to grow indigo and that it would ensure that all disputes were settled by legal means. But, the planters were already closing down factories and indigo cultivation was virtually wiped out from Bengal by the end of 1860.