Weaknesses of civil uprisings during the 19^th century –

• These uprisings were massive in totality but were, in fact, localized and isolated.

• They were mostly the result of local grievances.

• The leadership was semi-feudal in character, backward looking, traditional in outlook and their resistance represented no societal alternative.

• These rebellions were centuries old in form and ideological-cultural content.

• The less recalcitrant of these were pacified through concessions by the authorities.

On the whole, however, these rebellions were able to establish valuable traditions of local resistance to authoritarianism.