• Nyaya, or the school of analysis, was developed as a system of logic. According to it, salvation can be attained through the acquisition of knowledge. What is more important, the veracity of a proposition or statement can be tested through inference, hearing and analogy. The stress laid on the use of logic influenced the Indian scholars, who took to systematic thinking and reasoning.

• The Vaisheshika School gives importance to the discussion of material elements or Dravya. They draw a line between particularities and their aggregate. Earth, water, fire, air and ether (sky), when combined, give rise to new objects. The Vaishesika School propounded the atom theory, believing that all material objects are made up of atoms. Vaisheshika thus marked the beginning of physics in India, but the scientific view was diluted by a belief in god and spiritualism, and this school put its faith in both heaven and salvation.