Consider the following statements about the propagation of earthquake waves:

1. Surface waves are considered to be the most damaging waves.

2. The shadow zone of the S-wave is much larger than that of the P-waves.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• Earthquake waves get recorded in seismo-graphs located at far off locations. However, there exist some specific areas where the waves are not reported. Such a zone is called the ‘shadow zone’.
• The shadow zone of the S-wave is much larger than that of the P-waves (refer to the figure given below).

Different types of earthquake waves travel in different manners. As they move or propagate, they cause vibrations in the body of the rocks through which they pass. P-waves vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave. This exerts pressure on the material in the direction of the propagation. As a result, it creates density differences in the material, leading to stretching and squeezing of the material. Other three waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

The direction of vibrations of S-waves is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane. Hence, they create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass. Surface waves are considered to be the most damaging waves.