• Pagal Panthis: Karam Shah was the founder of the Pagal Panth — a semi-religious sect having influence in the northern districts of Bengal. An activist fervour to the sect was imparted by Tipu, the son and successor of Karam Shah.

Tipu was motivated by both religious and political motives, and took up the cause of the tenants against the oppression of the zamindars. Tipu captured Sherpur in 1825 and assumed royal power. The insurgents extended their activities to Garo Hills. The area remained disturbed in the 1830s and 1840s.

• Kuka Revolt: The Kuka Movement was founded in 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also called Sian Saheb) in western Punjab. After the British took Punjab, the movement transformed from a religious purification campaign to a political one. Its basic tenets were abolition of caste and similar discriminations among Sikhs, discouraging the eating of meat and taking of alcohol and drugs, and encouraging women to step out of seclusion. In 1872, one of their leaders, Ram Singh, was deported to Rangoon.
• Chuar Uprising: Famine, enhanced land revenue demands and economic distress goaded the Chuar aboriginal tribesmen of Midnapore district (Bengal) to take up arms. The uprising lasted from 1766 to 1772 and then, again surfaced between 1795 and 1816.