• The most important department of the state, next to the Wazir’s, was the Diwan-i-Arz or the military department. The head of this department was called the Ariz-i-Mamalik.

• The Ariz was not the commander-in-chief of the army, since the Sultan himself commanded all the armed forces. In those days, no king could have survived on the throne, if he entrusted the chief command of the armed forces to someone else. The special responsibility of the Ariz’s department was to recruit, equip and pay the army.

• There were two other important departments of the state: the Diwan-i-Risalat and the Diwan-i-Insha. The former dealt with religious matters, pious foundations and stipends to the deserving scholars and the men of piety. It was presided over by the Chief Sadr, who was generally a leading Qazi.

• The Diwan-i-Insha dealt with state correspondence. All the correspondence, formal or confidential, between the ruler and the sovereigns of other states, and with his subordinate officials, was dealt with by this department.

• The rulers posted intelligence agents, called Barids, in different parts of the empire to keep them informed of what was going on.