The administration under British rule in India was a pivotal aspect of colonial governance that significantly influenced the socio-political landscape of the subcontinent. From the establishment of the East India Company’s rule to the eventual transfer of power to Indian hands, the British administration played a central role in shaping India’s destiny. Understanding the intricacies of this administration is crucial for comprehending India’s colonial history and its lasting impact on governance structures. Let’s explore the various facets of administration under British rule, including its evolution, key features, and its implications for India’s journey towards independence.
Administration
Provinces and Regions:
Under British rule, India was divided into provinces, including the Bombay Presidency, Bengal Presidency, Madras Presidency, United Province, Punjab, and Central Provinces and Berar. Smaller regions were grouped into agencies, chief commissionerships, and divisions, overseen by British political agents or commissioners.
Districts and Tehsils:
The administrative units included districts, which were further divided into tehsils or subdivisions. District collectors, officers of the Indian Civil Services, served as the key administrative heads at the district level.
Administrative Hierarchy:
The hierarchical structure comprised:
- Governor-General at the top responsible for the entire British Indian Empire.
- Lieutenant governors for major provinces.
- Commissioners for divisions.
- Collectors for districts.
- Sub-divisional officers for tehsils.
Administrative Reforms:
Reforms introduced over time included:
- Cornwallis’ structured civil service and district system in 1793.
- The Local Self Government Act of 1909, granting limited roles in local administration.
- The Government of India Act of 1919 introducing dyarchy, allowing limited autonomy.
Provincial Government:
Provincial governments, headed by a governor appointed by the British Crown, administered provinces, which were further divided into districts headed by district collectors.
District Administration:
District administration was crucial, with district collectors responsible for revenue collection, maintaining law and order, and development work. Police stations served as the lowest unit of administration.
Local Self Government:
Municipalities and district boards were part of the local self-government system, but the British retained most powers, limiting the authority of these bodies.
Also Read: Judiciary under British Rule.