The early 20th century was a period marked by significant global upheaval, where the seeds of militant nationalism took root and flourished in various parts of the world. Fueled by factors such as economic instability, social discontent, and the aftermath of World War I, militant nationalism emerged as a powerful force shaping the course of history. This phenomenon manifested differently across different regions, yet its core principles of extreme patriotism, aggressive expansionism, and the glorification of one’s nation were ubiquitous.
As the 20th century began, a new kind of nationalist emerged, led by figures like Tilak, A K Dutt, Raj Narain Bose, Bipin Chandra Pal, Vishnu Shastri Pandit, and Lala Lajpat Rai. These leaders were passionate about freeing their countries from foreign rule and had strong faith in the power of ordinary people. They believed that self-rule, or Swarajya, was the ultimate aim, and they promoted direct political action through personal sacrifice. This group of extremists played a crucial role in shaping the nationalist movements of their time.
Why Militant Nationalism Grew?
- Loss of Faith in British Rule: Before, the Congress was mostly run by moderate leaders who trusted British rule and thought it could be beneficial. They believed in working with the British government to solve problems. But over time, this trust began to fade. People saw that British policies drained India’s wealth and ignored their needs. This led to the rise of more extreme leaders who blamed the British for India’s issues.
- British Approach towards Famine & Plague: In 1896-97, a big famine hit India, causing a lot of suffering. At the same time, a deadly disease called bubonic plague spread in Bombay, killing many. The government’s help was not enough, and people suffered. This made Indians lose faith in British rule.
- Political Despondency: The moderate leaders couldn’t achieve much from the British government except for some small changes in laws. This made people feel hopeless about politics. The British also made things worse by arresting leaders like Tilak and passing harsh laws.
- Lord Curzon’s reactionary policy (Immediate cause): Lord Curzon, a British leader, made many decisions that angered Indians. He reduced Indian representation in government bodies, controlled universities, and limited freedom of speech. His decision to divide Bengal in 1905 was a turning point that angered many Indians.
- Influence of International Political Events: The success of Japan and Ethiopia against bigger powers inspired Indian nationalists. They realized that even small countries could stand up to colonial powers like Britain.
- Effects of Reform movements of the 19th century: Reform movements in the 1800s, like the Arya Samaj, inspired Indians to take pride in their culture and fight for change. Leaders like Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh were influenced by these movements.
- Growth of Education: More people were getting educated, which made them aware of India’s problems under British rule. But at the same time, educated people struggled to find jobs, highlighting the country’s economic issues.
- Reaction to Increasing Westernization: Indian leaders felt that British rule was erasing Indian culture. They looked up to Indian thinkers like Swami Vivekananda who celebrated India’s past and called for independence.
- Existence of a Militant School of Thought: By the 20th century, some leaders believed in taking strong actions against British rule. They believed in the power of the masses and were willing to make sacrifices for independence.
- Trained Leadership: Leaders like Tilak emerged to lead the fight for independence. They believed that with proper leadership, the people’s energy could be channeled into effective political action, as seen in the swadeshi agitation against the partition of Bengal.
Prominent Extremist Leaders:
- Prominent Extremist Leaders: He was known as ‘Lokamanya’ and started the Poona Home Rule League in 1916. His famous slogan was “Swaraj is my birthright, and I will achieve it.”
- Lala Lajpat Rai: Also called the ‘Lion of Punjab,’ he played a key role in the Swadeshi Movement. He famously said, “Go back, Simon,” opposing British rule.
- Bipan Chandra Pal: Initially moderate, he later became an extremist. He played a significant role in the Swadeshi Movement, spreading nationalist ideas across India through his speeches and writings.
- Aurobindo Ghosh: Another extremist leader who actively joined the Swadeshi Movement. He emphasized the importance of political freedom, stating that it’s essential for a nation’s existence.
The moderate leaders couldn’t get much from the British, which made extreme ideas more appealing. When the British split Bengal in 1905, Indians saw their true intentions. Some worried that the moderate leaders were trying to make India too much like the West. This made people proud of their own culture again. Spiritual ideas also influenced extremist leaders. They thought sacrificing for independence was the way forward.
Also read: Era of Moderates