Actual Article
Article 170: Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
- The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each State shall be as provided by Parliament by law, but this number shall not be less than sixty except in the cases of Sikkim, Mizoram, Goa, and Arunachal Pradesh, where the number of seats may be less than sixty.
- Each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remains the same throughout the State as far as practicable.
- Upon the completion of each census, the allocation of seats in each State and the division of each State into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law determine.
UPSC Notes for Article 170
Explanation:
- Composition Determined by Parliament:
- The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly for each state is determined by Parliament. This ensures a standardized approach to representation across states, considering factors such as population and administrative feasibility.
- Minimum Seat Requirement:
- There is a stipulation for a minimum number of seats in the Legislative Assemblies, set at sixty, except for smaller states like Sikkim, Mizoram, Goa, and Arunachal Pradesh, recognizing the unique demographic and geographic challenges they face.
- Equal Representation:
- The constituencies within each state are to be delineated in such a way that each constituency has approximately the same population-to-seat ratio, promoting fair and equal representation across the state.
- Adjustments Post-Census:
- Adjustments to the number of seats and constituency boundaries are made after every census. This process is governed by laws set by Parliament, ensuring that the changes reflect the latest demographic data.
Important Cases and Commissions Related to Article 170
Cases:
- No specific landmark cases that directly interpret Article 170, but numerous cases have dealt with issues related to electoral boundaries and representation that touch upon principles embedded in Article 170.
Commissions:
- Delimitation Commission: Established periodically by the Government of India to redraw the boundaries of the various assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies based on the latest census. It ensures that the principle of equal representation is maintained in line with Article 170.
- Law Commission of India: Has provided recommendations on electoral reforms, including matters affecting the composition and delimitation of legislative assemblies.
Previous Year Prelims Questions Related to Article 170
- (UPSC Prelims 2016) What is the minimum number of seats in the Legislative Assembly for most states, as provided by Article 170?
- A. 40
- B. 50
- C. 60
- D. 70 Correct Answer: C. 60
- (UPSC Prelims 2018) Under Article 170, who adjusts the allocation of seats and division of states into constituencies after each census?
- A. The President
- B. The Parliament
- C. The Supreme Court
- D. The Election Commission Correct Answer: B. The Parliament
Previous Year Mains Questions Related to Article 170
- Mains 2016: “Evaluate the impact of periodic census on the composition of Legislative Assemblies as envisaged by Article 170. Discuss the role of the Delimitation Commission in this context.”
- Mains 2019: “Discuss the principles underlying the composition of Legislative Assemblies under Article 170. How do these principles ensure fair representation?”
Additional Insights:
- Democratic Representation: Article 170 ensures that the composition of Legislative Assemblies is reflective of the demographic makeup of the state, promoting democratic principles of equal representation.
- Adaptability to Change: The periodic adjustment post-census allows the legislative structures to adapt to demographic changes, ensuring that the representation remains equitable and just.
Understanding Article 170 is crucial for UPSC aspirants as it outlines the framework for the composition and adjustment of Legislative Assemblies in India, emphasizing fair and equitable representation across states. This knowledge is essential for both preliminary and main examinations, offering insights into the dynamic and adaptable nature of legislative governance in India.