Actual Article
Article 1: Name and territory of the Union
- India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
- The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule.
- The territory of India shall comprise:
a. The territories of the States;
b. The Union territories specified in the First Schedule; and
c. Such other territories as may be acquired.
UPSC Notes for Article 1
Explanation:
- Union of States: India is described as a “Union of States” implying indestructibility. States have no right to secede from the Union.
- Bharat: The use of both “India” and “Bharat” reflects the country’s historical and cultural heritage.
- First Schedule: Lists all the States and Union territories, along with any other territories that may be acquired.
Key Points:
- Indestructible Union: Emphasizes the unity and integrity of the nation.
- Diverse Composition: Highlights the diverse political units that make up the country.
- Constitutional Supremacy: The Constitution is the supreme law, governing the organization and governance of states.
Important Cases and Commissions Related to Article 1
Cases:
- Berubari Union Case (1960): Clarified that any cession of Indian territory to a foreign country requires a constitutional amendment under Article 368.
- SR Bommai vs. Union of India (1994): Reinforced the idea of India being a union of states and emphasized the federal structure.
Commissions:
- States Reorganization Commission (1953): Formed to recommend the reorganization of state boundaries for better administration. Its recommendations led to the States Reorganization Act of 1956, which significantly altered the boundaries and governance of states.
Important Reports Related to Article 1
- Sarkaria Commission Report (1983): Focused on Centre-State relations and recommended measures to improve the federal structure without affecting the unity of India.
- Punchhi Commission Report (2007): Reviewed Centre-State relations, including territorial adjustments and the importance of maintaining the integrity of the Union.
Anything Important Left Related to Article 1
- Territorial Changes: Article 1 allows for the acquisition of new territories, ensuring that India can grow territorially if necessary.
- Constitutional Amendments: Any changes in the boundaries or names of states require a constitutional amendment, emphasizing the importance of federal balance and democratic processes.
- Geopolitical Significance: Article 1’s recognition of India as “Bharat” and a Union of States reflects not only legal but also geopolitical considerations, emphasizing unity despite diversity.
By understanding Article 1 in depth, UPSC aspirants can appreciate the foundational principles that define the territorial and political framework of India. This knowledge is crucial for both the preliminary and main examinations, as well as for developing a comprehensive understanding of the Indian Constitution.