Consider the following statements with respect to the Mughal architecture:

1. The concept of Pietra dura was used for the first time in the buildings of Shah Jahan.

2. Rang Mahal and Panch Mahal are attributed to Akbar.

3. The Buland Darwaza was constructed to commemorate Akbar’s victory over Gujarat.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• Nur Jahan built the tomb of Itimaddaulah at Agra. It was constructed wholly of white marble with floral designs made of semi-precious stones on the walls. This type of decoration was called Pietra dura. This method became more popular during the reign of Shah Jahan. The Pietra dura method was later used on a large scale in the Taj Mahal.

• The climax of fort-building reached its climax during the reign of Shah Jahan. The famous Red Fort at Delhi with its Rang Mahal, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas was his creation. Panch Mahal, on the other hand, was built by Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri.

• Akbar also built a palace cum-fort complex at Fatehpur Sikri (City of Victory), 36 kilometres from Agra. The most magnificent building in it is the Jama Masjid and the gateway to it, called the Buland Darwaza or the Lofty Gate. The height of the gateway is 176 feet. It was built to commemorate Akbar’s victory over Gujarat.